A Sallen-Key 3-Pole Chebyshev Type I Active Lowpass Filter - Design Sheet (DS3)

by John-Paul Bedinger

 

      Of the various topologies you can select for making active filters, the Sallen-Key uses the least number of filter components. Furthermore, a 3-pole response (18 db/oct) is possible using only 1 op-amp. Below is a brief mathematical description on how to compute the component values for a Chebyshev Type I (equiripple in passband) 3-pole lowpass filter with selectable output gain.

Diagram 1: A 3-pole Sallen-Key lowpass filter with output gain.

 


Circuit Analysis:

 

Looking at node 3b (where v3 = v3a = v3b) , the node voltage equation can be re-written to be:

 

 (Eq. 1)

 

Let:          Then: (Eq. 2 )

 

The rest of the node voltages can be written:

 

 

 

 

When solved for the filter transfer function H(s) = Vout/Vin, we get:  H(s)=

 

  (Eq. 3)

 

Note that the general form of a 3-pole lowpass filter at cutoff frequency 1 rad/sec is: 

 

H(s) = (Eq. 4a)

 

 

The form of a 3-pole prototype Chebyshev Type I Filter for a 1 rad/sec cutoff frequency(at magnitude of gain less ripple) and unity gain is:

H(s) =      (Eq. 4b) 

 

where rdB is the permissible ripple in the passband. The coefficents a2, a1, and a0 of Eq. 4 are calculated by solving for the 3 roots in the denominator of Eq 5 that have negative real parts.These 3 roots(p1, p2, and p3) are then re-factored back together and expanded to give the final transfer function:

 

1/H(s) = (s-p1)(s-p2)(s-p3) =       (Eq. 4c)

 

To help simplify programming, you may wish to use the following table for a0,a1,a2 at different values of permissible ripple:

 

rdB

a2

a1

a0

0.1dB

1.9388

2.6295

1.6380

0.2dB

1.6293

2.0773

1.1516

0.5dB

1.2530

1.5349

0.7157

1dB

0.9883

1.2384

0.4913

2dB

0.7378

1.0222

0.3269

 

Table 1: Prototype Chebyshev filter coefficents vs. permissible passband ripple. fc = 1 rad/sec.< /FONT >

 

Equating like terms in Equation Eq. 3 and Eq. 4c gives the solve block:

 

 

 

 

 

where Kac = M.

 

The traditional half-power(gain-3dB) filter cutoff(Wc) is a fuction of both the order of the filter and of the ripple(rdB),and is found in the 3-pole case by solving for the positive real root of:

 

     (Eq. 5)

 

The following table tabulates various solutions of Eq. 5 for a 3-pole prototype Chebyshev:

 

rdB

Wc

0.1 dB

1.3890

0.2 dB

1.2835

0.5 dB

1.1675

1 dB

1.0949

2 dB

1.0327

3 dB

1.000

 

Table 2: Half-power cutoff frequency(Wc) vs. rdB for a 3-pole Cheybshev prototype filter.

 

To begin the prototype filter design we choose our output gain and permissible ripple:  

Kac = 3 (9.5 dB), rdB = 0.2dB

 

Also, we choose values for components: C1=3000 uF, C2=1000uF,  C3=1000uF, R5=20 k-ohms

 

Using Table 1 for a2...a0 and solving the solve block for R1, R2, R3,and R4 gives:

R1=801.11 ohms, R2=508.6 ohms, R3=710.28 ohms, R4=20k ohms

 

Rounding R1-R4 to standard EIA 1% tolerance decade values gives:

R1=806 ohms, R2=511 ohms, R3=715 ohms, R4=20k ohms

 

Diagram 2: A 3-pole Sallen-Key Cheybshev lowpass filter with cutoff(gain-ripple) at 1 rad/sec and a gain of 3.

 


Practical Notes:

Fc(gain-ripple) = 1/(2*3.1416*x*y) Hz       (Eq. 6)

Fc(gain-3dB) = Wc/(2*3.1416*x*y) Hz       (Eq. 7)

 

where Wc is found from Table 2.

 

rdB=0.1dB 0dB 6dB 12dB 18dB 24dB 30dB 36dB
R1 1032 13331 1500.3 3581.3 2745.7 1397.1 2747.3
R2 55228 16826 3610.3 1547.7 1889.1 13280 6185.7
R3 1071.2 2721.7 11270 11014 1177 32904 35924
R4 0 10000 30000 70000 15000 31000 63000
R5 infinite 10000 10000 10000 1000 1000 1000
C1 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
C2 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-05
C3 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04
 
rdB=0.2dB 0dB 6dB 12dB 18dB 24dB 30dB 36dB
R1 1499.4 15267 1751 4078 3142.6 1646.5 3153.9
R2 2162.2 20528 4073 1745.5 2129.8 14695 6910.7
R3 26786 2770.7 12176 12200 1297.4 35890 39841
R4 0 10000 30000 70000 15000 31000 63000
R5 infinite 10000 10000 10000 1000 1000 1000
C1 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
C2 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-05
C3 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04
 
rdB=0.5dB 0dB 6dB 12dB 18dB 24dB 30dB 36dB
R1 1842 18766 2214.4 4967.2 3861.2 2112.3 3900
R2 2981.9 27777 4761 2037.8 2484.7 16652 7933.4
R3 25438 26810 13253 13804 1456.4 39728 45166
R4 0 10000 30000 70000 15000 31000 63000
R5 infinite 10000 10000 10000 1000 1000 1000
C1 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
C2 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-05
C3 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04
 
rdB=1dB 0dB 6dB 12dB 18dB 24dB 30dB 36dB
R1 2231.8 22752 2746.3 5977.4 4681 2649.8 4760.5
R2 4031.7 36444 5331.9 2276.6 2774.3 18136 8719.1
R3 22620 2454.9 13900 14959 1567.3 42355 49049
R4 0 10000 30000 70000 15000 31000 63000
R5 infinite 10000 10000 10000 1000 1000 1000
C1 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
C2 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-05
C3 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-04

 

Table 3: Prototype component values for a Chebyshev filter response at 1 rad/sec.

 


 

Example:

 

We want Fc(gain-3dB) = 1000 Hz, C1 = 0.1uF, C2= 0.1uF, and C3= 0.1uF, a passband ripple of 0.2 dB, and a gain of 6 dB. The source resistance is 10 ohms.

 

Find  y for the correct capacitor range:The scale factor y is 0.1uF/100uF, or y = 0.001.

 

Find x using Eq. 7 and Table 2: 1000 Hz = 1.2835/(2*3.1416*x*0.001). Solving for x gives: x = 0.2043

 

Use Table 3 for 6dB gain and rdB= 0.2dB prototype values:Scaling R1, R2, R3,and R4 by x gives:

 

R1=  3118.7 ohms, R2= 4193.4 ohms, R3=   565.99 ohms, R4= 10k ohms,  R5=10k ohms

 

Finally, round R1-R4 to standard EIA 1% tolerance decade values:

R1= 3.09k ohms, R2= 4.22k ohms, R3=   562 ohms, R4= 10k ohms, R5=10k ohms

 

Since 3.09k ohms >> 10 ohms source resistance, the value for R1 should work well.

 

 

Diagram 3: A 3-pole Sallen-Key Cheybshev Type I lowpass filter with cutoff(gain-3dB) at 1000 Hz, passband ripple of 0.2dB, and a gain of 6dB.

 


Change Log:

v.1.0 Initial release. Table values not verified by simulation.

v.1.1 Added traditional half-power frequency equation for Fc, and changed example to use it. Corrected capacitor value C3 in Table 2 for rdB=0.2dB, gain = 0dB to 1E-5. was 1E-4

v1.11 Corrected HTML title, misplacement of 'k's in example. Fixed various small text formatting issues. Corrected H0..H3 to H0...H2 in MathCad worksheet.

v1.12 Some equations and diagrams may have been lost during the move. I will fix these as I get time.

v.1.13 Made MathCad file a zip file. Note some equations are still missing.

       


Questions or feedback? E-mail me at jpbedinger@hotmail.com

(c)2005 John-Paul Bedinger. All rights reserved. Revision: 1.13

Do not duplicate, distribute, or modify without my expressed written permission.

Disclaimer: The author is not responsible for any damages resulting from the content or application of this document. Use at your own risk.